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Also certificate does not ensure the website is safe, only that you are really talking with the server the URL points to, and not a man-in-the-middle trying to hijack your information (like passwords or payment details).
Nothing stops a malicious site to have a valid https certificate. Sure, more spam-friendly Certification Authorities like Let’s Encrypt might revoke spammy certificate, but that’s not nevesserily always true.
There are a couple ways, safest is most dns or online toolboxes have checkers, I use this one a lot https://easydmarc.com/tools/phishing-url, really helpful when you’re checking quarantined message links.
You can’t. You can, however tell if a particular URL is believed to be dangerous by any of several organizations that track such things.
Your browser probably has something built in; Firefox and Chrome do, for example. If you attempt to visit a known-bad URL, the browser will warn you and make you click through the warning before you do. Some other comments in this thread suggest third-party services that will also do this, and may even attempt to check the content found at the URL for known malware.
